Bidirectional single sideband transmission of Millimeter Waves over Fiber for 5G Mobile Networks

Una arquitectura de red para el transporte de ondas milimétricas (MMW) basada en las técnicas de Radio sobre Fibra (RoF) para el transporte de señales en el segmento de fronthaul de los futuros sistemas 5G se propone, se demuestra experimentalmente y se simula en este artículo. La propuesta aprovecha los beneficios de una doble modulación en banda lateral única para generar una subportadora óptica para la transmisión en el enlace descendente y una segunda subportadora para el transporte de los servicios en el enlace ascendente, así como la centralización de las fuentes ópticas. La evaluación de la arquitectura propuesta se basa en el análisis del rendimiento de la Tasa de Error de Bit (BER) y la Magnitud de Vector de Error (EVM) tanto en el enlace descendente como en el enlace ascendente. Del mismo modo, se realizó un modelo de simulación de la propuesta para evaluar la calidad de las señales en MMW a diferentes frecuencias del espectro disponible de MMW. Los resultados muestran una penalización en potencia de 2 dB para un BER de 1x10-12y un EVM inferior al 12% en un margen de potencia de 6 dB, demostrando la factibilidad del sistema propuesto.This study proposes, experimentally demonstrates, and simulates a network architecture for the transport of millimeter waves (MMW) based on Radio over Fiber (RoF) techniques for the transport of signals in the fronthaul segment of the next 5G generation mobile systems. Such approach exploits the benefits of bidirectional single-sideband modulation in order to generate an optical subcarrier for the downlink transmission and a second subcarrier for the transport of the uplink services, as well as the centralization of optical sources. The proposed architecture is evaluated based on the analyses of the Bit Error Rate (BER) performance and Error Vector Magnitude (EVM) in both downlink and uplink. Likewise, simulation modeling of the approach was conducted in order to evaluate the quality of the MMW signals at different frequencies available in the MMW spectrum. The results show a power penalty lower than 2 dB for a 1x1-12 BER and an EVM below 12% within a power margin of 6 dB, which demonstrates the feasibility of the approach

The Caldera. No. 25 Special Edition 2022. 70 years

Especial: Instituto Caldas, 70 años de historia En las siguientes páginas, los estudiantes rinden homenaje a nuestra querida Institución, a través, especialmente, de la Palabra. Mi eterna gratitud a cada uno de ellos, jóvenes lectores, escritores, dibujantes pero, sobre todo, Caldistas de CORAZÓN: Laura Camila Herrera, Victoria Chacón Gil, María Paula Méndez, Steven Gómez Guerrero, Constanza Narváez Solano, Yatana Zea Arenas, Carolina Valencia Neira, Valery Samara Meza, Steffy Picón Carrillo y Gabriela Portilla Castellanos.Especial 70 años. Instituto Caldas 6 Reloj Solar 2021 43 IX Concurso de Lectura en Voz Alta 46 La Cuna de Excélsior 48 Equipo de Maestros 51 Perfiles Caldistas 54 Expresiones Caldistas 58 Día Caldista 98 Galería de Imágenes 103Special: Instituto Caldas, 70 years of history In the following pages, the students pay homage to our beloved Institution, especially through the Word. My eternal gratitude to each of them, young readers, writers, cartoonists but, above all, Caldistas of HEART: Laura Camila Herrera, Victoria Chacón Gil, María Paula Méndez, Steven Gómez Guerrero, Constanza Narváez Solano, Yatana Zea Arenas, Carolina Valencia Neira, Valery Samara Meza, Steffy Picón Carrillo and Gabriela Portilla Castellanos

Mortality from gastrointestinal congenital anomalies at 264 hospitals in 74 low-income, middle-income, and high-income countries: a multicentre, international, prospective cohort study

Summary Background Congenital anomalies are the fifth leading cause of mortality in children younger than 5 years globally. Many gastrointestinal congenital anomalies are fatal without timely access to neonatal surgical care, but few studies have been done on these conditions in low-income and middle-income countries (LMICs). We compared outcomes of the seven most common gastrointestinal congenital anomalies in low-income, middle-income, and high-income countries globally, and identified factors associated with mortality. Methods We did a multicentre, international prospective cohort study of patients younger than 16 years, presenting to hospital for the first time with oesophageal atresia, congenital diaphragmatic hernia, intestinal atresia, gastroschisis, exomphalos, anorectal malformation, and Hirschsprung’s disease. Recruitment was of consecutive patients for a minimum of 1 month between October, 2018, and April, 2019. We collected data on patient demographics, clinical status, interventions, and outcomes using the REDCap platform. Patients were followed up for 30 days after primary intervention, or 30 days after admission if they did not receive an intervention. The primary outcome was all-cause, in-hospital mortality for all conditions combined and each condition individually, stratified by country income status. We did a complete case analysis. Findings We included 3849 patients with 3975 study conditions (560 with oesophageal atresia, 448 with congenital diaphragmatic hernia, 681 with intestinal atresia, 453 with gastroschisis, 325 with exomphalos, 991 with anorectal malformation, and 517 with Hirschsprung’s disease) from 264 hospitals (89 in high-income countries, 166 in middleincome countries, and nine in low-income countries) in 74 countries. Of the 3849 patients, 2231 (58·0%) were male. Median gestational age at birth was 38 weeks (IQR 36–39) and median bodyweight at presentation was 2·8 kg (2·3–3·3). Mortality among all patients was 37 (39·8%) of 93 in low-income countries, 583 (20·4%) of 2860 in middle-income countries, and 50 (5·6%) of 896 in high-income countries (p<0·0001 between all country income groups). Gastroschisis had the greatest difference in mortality between country income strata (nine [90·0%] of ten in lowincome countries, 97 [31·9%] of 304 in middle-income countries, and two [1·4%] of 139 in high-income countries; p≤0·0001 between all country income groups). Factors significantly associated with higher mortality for all patients combined included country income status (low-income vs high-income countries, risk ratio 2·78 [95% CI 1·88–4·11], p<0·0001; middle-income vs high-income countries, 2·11 [1·59–2·79], p<0·0001), sepsis at presentation (1·20 [1·04–1·40], p=0·016), higher American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) score at primary intervention (ASA 4–5 vs ASA 1–2, 1·82 [1·40–2·35], p<0·0001; ASA 3 vs ASA 1–2, 1·58, [1·30–1·92], p<0·0001]), surgical safety checklist not used (1·39 [1·02–1·90], p=0·035), and ventilation or parenteral nutrition unavailable when needed (ventilation 1·96, [1·41–2·71], p=0·0001; parenteral nutrition 1·35, [1·05–1·74], p=0·018). Administration of parenteral nutrition (0·61, [0·47–0·79], p=0·0002) and use of a peripherally inserted central catheter (0·65 [0·50–0·86], p=0·0024) or percutaneous central line (0·69 [0·48–1·00], p=0·049) were associated with lower mortality. Interpretation Unacceptable differences in mortality exist for gastrointestinal congenital anomalies between lowincome, middle-income, and high-income countries. Improving access to quality neonatal surgical care in LMICs will be vital to achieve Sustainable Development Goal 3.2 of ending preventable deaths in neonates and children younger than 5 years by 2030

Radio over fiber system design for millimeter waves in 5G mobile networks

En el presente trabajo se propone una arquitectura de red para el transporte de ondas milimétricas (MMW) basada en la tecnología de radio sobre fibra (RoF), el cual se usará en el fronnhaul de la red móvil de próxima generación 5G. En ella se propone una arquitectura de transmisión punto a multipunto, desde una oficina central (CO) hasta un clúster de siete radio bases (RB) con el fin de posibilitar el re-uso de frecuencias en celdas aledañas. Los resultados de la arquitectura propuesta se basan en el análisis del comportamiento del factor de calidad (Q) y de la tasa de bits errados (BER) tanto en los enlaces descendentes como ascendentes de la comunicación entre la CO y las BS. De igual manera, se hace una caracterización del comportamiento de las señales MMW respecto a los mismos factores de calidad, frente a diferentes frecuencias del espectro disponible de MMW. La propuesta aprovecha los beneficios de una doble modulación en banda lateral única para generar una subportadora óptica para la transmisión en el enlace descendente y una segunda subportadora para el transporte de los servicios en el enlace ascendente, así como la centralización de las fuentes ópticas. La evaluación experimental de la arquitectura propuesta se basa en el análisis del rendimiento de la Tasa de Error de Bit (BER) y la Magnitud de Vector de Error (EVM) tanto en el enlace descendente como en el enlace ascendente.In the present thesis a network architecture for the transport of millimeter waves (MMW) based on the technology of radio over fiber (RoF) is proposed, which will be used in the fronthaul of the next generation mobile network 5G. In this, a point-to-multipoint transmission architecture is proposed, from a central office (CO) to a cluster of seven radio bases (RB) in order to enable the re-use of frequencies in neighboring cells. The results of the proposed architectures are based on the analysis of the behavior of the Q and the BER both in the downlink and uplinks of the communication between the CO and the CB's. Likewise, a characterization of the behavior of the MMW signals with respect to the same quality factors is made respect to different frequencies of the MMW spectrum. The experimental evaluation of the proposed architecture is based on the analysis of the Bit Error Rate (BER) performance and the Error Vector Magnitude (EVM) in both the downlink and uplinks.ITEAM Research Institut

Glutathione Peroxidase 5 Is Expressed by the Entire Pig Male Genital Tract and Once in the Seminal Plasma Contributes to Sperm Survival and In Vivo Fertility.

Glutathione peroxidase-5 (GPX5) is an H2O2-scavenging enzyme identified in boar seminal plasma (SP). This study attempted to clarify its origin and role on sperm survival and fertility after artificial insemination (AI). GPX5 was expressed (Western blot and immunocytochemistry using a rabbit primary polyclonal antibody) in testes, epididymis and accessory sex glands (6 boars). SP-GPX5 concentration differed among boars (11 boars, P < 0.001), among ejaculates within boar (44 ejaculates, P < 0.001) and among portions within ejaculate (15 ejaculates). The first 10 mL of the sperm rich fraction (SRF, sperm-peak portion) had a significantly lower concentration (8.87 ± 0.78 ng/mL) than the rest of the SRF and the post-SRF (11.66 ± 0.79 and 12.37 ± 0.79 ng/mL, respectively, P < 0.005). Sperm motility of liquid-stored semen AI-doses (n = 44, at 15-17°C during 72h) declined faster in AI-doses with low concentrations of SP-GPX5 compared to those with high-levels. Boars (n = 11) with high SP-GPX5 showed higher farrowing rates and litter sizes than those with low SP-GPX5 (a total of 5,275 inseminated sows). In sum, GPX5 is widely expressed in the boar genital tract and its variable presence in SP shows a positive relationship with sperm quality and fertility outcomes of liquid-stored semen AI-doses

Active paraoxonase 1 is synthesised throughout the internal boar genital organs.

The paraoxonase type 1 (PON1) is an enzyme with antioxidant properties recently identified in the seminal plasma (SP) of several species, including the porcine. The aims of the present study were to (1) describe the immunohistochemical localisation of PON1 in the genital organs of fertile boars and (2) evaluate the relationship among PON1 activity and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) concentration in fluids of the boar genital organs. Immunohistochemical analysis demonstrated that PON1 was present in testis (specifically in Leydig cells, blood vessels, spermatogonia and elongated spermatids), epididymis (specifically in the cytoplasm of the principal epithelial cells, luminal secretion and in the surrounding smooth muscle) and the lining epithelia of the accessory sexual glands (cytoplasmic location in the prostate and membranous in the seminal vesicle and bulbourethral glands). The Western blotting analysis confirmed the presence of PON1 in all boar genital organs, showing in all of them a band of 51 kDa and an extra band of 45 kDa only in seminal vesicles. PON1 showed higher activity levels in epididymal fluid than those in SP of the entire ejaculate or of specific ejaculate portions. A highly positive relationship between PON1 activity and HDL-C concentration was found in all genital fluids. In sum, all boar genital organs contributing to sperm-accompanying fluid/s were able to express PON1, whose activity in these genital fluids is highly dependent on the variable HDL-C concentration present.Funding agencies: MINECO (Spain); FEDER (EU) [AGL2012-39903, AGL2015-69738-R]; Seneca Foundation Murcia, Spain [19892/GERM-15]; Swedish Research Council (VR) [521-2011-6353]; Swedish Research Council Formas [221-2011-512]; Research Council in Southeast Sweden (FORSS), Sweden</p

Relationship between the boar seminal plasma concentration of Glutathione Peroxidase 5 (SP-GPX5) and total sperm motility.

<p>Box-whisker plot showing total sperm motility of artificial insemination semen doses stored for 24 and 72 h at 15–17°C from boar ejaculates hierarchically grouped according to the concentration of SP-GPX5 as high (from 20.74 to 30.14 ng/mL, 15 ejaculates) and low (from 9.64 to 20.04 ng/mL, 29 ejaculates). (*) and (**) indicate significant differences (P < 0.01) and (P < 0.001), respectively, among different SP-GPX5 groups in each storage time.</p

Glutathione peroxidase 5 concentration in seminal plasma (SP-GPX5, ng/mL) and fertility AI-outcomes of the liquid stored semen doses (2,500 x 10⁶ sperm/dose).

<p>The semen doses from to entire ejaculates of eleven boars hierarchically grouped as high (in grey) and low (in white) SP-GPX5 concentration (4 entire ejaculates per boar).</p